This global-historical book poses the question of what is actually meant when we speak of 'military', 'armies' or 'armed forces' in relation to the world of the early modern period. Using examples from North America, East Asia as well as Eastern, Western and Central Europe, the contributions draw a multi-layered picture of (para-)military conflicts and armed forces in the early modern period and at the same time critically question their previous historiographical classification, which was usually shaped by nation-state narratives. In view of this, the volume argues for a transnational and transcultural perspective as well as a reflective application of modern terms to early modern phenomena, so as not to obscure diachronic and synchronic differences.