The project aims to make accessible the natural law doctrine of Heinrich Cocceji (1644-1719) and his son, editor and continuator Samuel (1679-1755). In a monograph, Cocceji's natural law, which centers on a theocratic-voluntary concept of inalienable liberties, is to be presented (1) in its political and ideological contexts and (2) in its controversial reception in the European Enlightenment. Forgotten in the 19th century, the Cocceji's natural rights doctrine was long neglected in comparison to the prominent theories of Pufendorf and Thomasius. The project will show, however, that the Cocceji's natural law represented a veritable, systematically strong alternative to Pufendorf's natural law theory, which was based on an anthropology of deficiencies and embedded in an ethics of duty, and that it was perceived as such by many contemporaries until the pre-March period, so that important impulses for the development of liberal-egalitarian theories of rights in the German and Scottish late Enlightenment emanated from it and it can claim an important rank in the modern genealogy of subjective rights. The project is devoted to the development of this natural rights doctrine over the relatively long period from about 1670-1720, describing at the same time a history of entanglement: entanglement of genesis and reception, and entanglement of Calvinist (as well as Huguenot) and Lutheran (Hallean) early Enlightenment. These intertwinements were intrinsically involved in the development of the Cocceji's natural law doctrine and thus need to be explored as well. Thus, a much more complex and differentiated picture of the early Enlightenment shaped by natural law emerges than was previously the case.
Fig.: Johann Georg Mentzel: Heinrich von Cocceji, ca. 1720.
Atoms, Monads and Passions in Julien Offray de La Mettrie's previously undiscovered early work Essai d'un nouveau systême sur les passions, considerées par les atosmes (1741), project funded by the Gerda Henkel Foundation
The philosophical first work of the physician and radical enlightener Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709-1751), who died in exile in Prussia in 1751, has so far been considered the Histoire naturelle de l'ame (1745). While La Mettrie had already become known as an author and translator of medical and scientific writings in the preceding decade, neither textual evidence nor reliable biographical data on the prehistory of his first materialist programme appeared to have come down to us so far, so that La Mettrie's philosophical beginnings remained obscure. However, it is most likely that a clandestine publication from 1741 can be attributed to La Mettrie, thus closing an important gap in La Mettrie's intellectual biography. The Essai d'un nouveau systême sur les passions, considerées par les atômes (1741) reveals two constellations that decisively shaped La Mettrie's 'first' philosophy, albeit with partly contrary accents:
1. the debates on metaphysics in the circle of Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, Voltaire and Émilie du Châtelet;
2. the research and monistic natural philosophical speculations in the circle of La Mettrie's academic teacher and friend François-Joseph Hunauld (1701-1742), which were influenced by neo-Epicurean medicine and Newtonian chemistry.
Exploring these constellations reveals an intriguing new perspective on both the (micro-)genealogy of materialism in the early French
Enlightenment and on the scientific-historical horizons and the intellectual-historical dimensions of La Mettrie's materialist
epistemology.
Fig.: Essai d'un nouveau systême sur les passions considerées par les atosmes. Copy from the former Charlottenburg private library of Frederick II. Title page. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Unter den Linden.
Abb.: Essai d'un nouveau systême sur les passions considerées par les atosmes. Exemplar aus der ehemaligen Charlottenburger Privatbibliothek Friedrichs II. Titelblatt. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Unter den Linden.
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