Varieties of Constitutionalism

Michael Riegner is Principal Investigator at the DFG project "Varieties of constitutionalism: Contestations of liberalism in comparative constitutional law" (together with Professor Philipp Dann/HU Berlin and Professor Conrado Hübner Mendes/Universidade São Paulo).

Liberal constitutionalism is under pressure. The wave of transitions to constitutional democracy and market economy in the 1990s marked the end of the cold war but not the end of history. Today, economic crises, increasing inequalities, the rise of non-liberal powers and the resurgence of populism and nationalism pose challenges to liberal constitutionalism. Our German-Brazilian project proposes to investigate these challenges from the perspective of comparative constitutional law. We seek to map contemporary varieties of constitutionalism and to assess contestations of, and alternatives to, liberal constitutionalism in Germany, Brazil and the respective regional contexts. The project thus intervenes in global debates in the field of comparative constitutional law and contributes a legal perspective to broader discussions about contestations of liberalism.

The project is funded by DFG and its Brazilian equivalent CAPES. It is led by principal investigators Dr Michael Riegner and Professor Philipp Dann at Humboldt University Berlin and Professor Conrado Hübner Mendes at Universidade de São Paulo. It brings together a total of 26 researchers from 16 institutions in Germany and Brazil. The collaboration includes three plenary meetings, smaller workshops, research stays and joint conference panels.

The project pursues three main objectives: The first is to contribute to the research on varieties of constitutionalism by developing a comparative typology that enables us to categorize constitutional orders along several dimensions, to identify different types of constitutionalism, and to capture variation within the liberal type. In particular, we seek to clarify whether transformative constitutionalism - a concept often used to characterize the Brazilian constitutional order - should be conceptualized as an alternative to liberal constitutionalism, or whether the two are variants of the same constitutional type. The second objective is to assess selected contestations of liberal constitutionalism in Brazil and Germany in their regional contexts. We will compare what normative alternatives are advanced and whether past and present contestations result(ed) in an alternative regime, or in the adaptation and transformation of liberal constitutionalism. The third objective is to theorise the role that paradigmatic actors, or "protagonists", play in varieties of constitutionalism and contestations of liberalism. If the individual is the protagonist of liberal constitutionalism, are there alternative actors that compete for the main role in the varieties of constitutionalism, namely collective actors like social movements or corporations?

Thematically, our research will concentrate on three areas: democratic, economic and open constitutionalism. These three areas will be connected in a cross-cutting thematic study on the role of the corporation in the varieties of constitutionalism. This study will assess whether the corporation plays a paradigmatic role in economic, democratic and/or open constitutionalism in Brazil and Germany, situate the corporation in the typology of the varieties of constitutionalism, and evaluate the role it plays in contemporary contestations of liberal constitutionalism.

Activities:

Kick-off event, 5 July 2021, online

Mundo online conference, 9 July 2021, Conference panel "The Global South and Varieties of constitutionalism" (Michael Riegner, Philipp Dann, Conrado Hübner Mendes et al.)

Conference presentation "Varieties of Constitutionalism in North-South perspective", Law and Development Research Network Annual Conference, Nelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth/South Africa, 26 November 2021 (Professor Michael Riegner)

Varieties of Constitutionalism, Lecture in the framework of the university focus area"Religion - Society - World Relationship", University of Erfurt, 8 December 2021 (Professor Michael Riegner).

Lecture "Canonizing the Corporation" Professor Michael Riegner at Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory Frankfurt, 28.2.2022.

Hate Speech in Comparative Constitutional Law, Lecture INSPER Sao Paulo, 3 March 2022 (Professor Michael Riegner).

First plenary workshop "Varieties of constitutionalism and constitutional democracy in Brazil and Germany", 7-8 March 2022, hybrid event Berlin/São Paulo The first workshop addresses basic concepts underlying our joint project: Firstly, what do we mean by "varieties" of constitutionalism, and how can constitutional typologies help us understand and compare the Brazilian and German constitutional orders? Secondly, how is constitutional democracy conceptualised and institutionalised in Germany and Brazil? In discussing these questions, our aim is to begin to develop a shared vocabulary and understanding of our respective constitutional traditions. On this basis, we will then analyse contestations of liberal democracy, economic liberalism, and liberal internationalism in subsequent workshops.

Varieties of corporate constitutionalism, Guest lecture INSPER Sao Paulo, 10.3.2022 (Professor Michael Riegner).

Publication of WCL Special Issue 04/22 on "Autocratic Legalism 2.0": This special issue introduces a new research agenda called 'Autocratic Legalism 2.0. Several scholars contributed by discussing topics such as authoritarianism and populism in different jurisdictions. The research project is timely, as it addresses the multiple challenges contemporary constitutionalism faces in various nations across the South-North axis. The Special Issue can be accessed here.

Varieties of Constitutionalism, presentation at workshop "Towards Illiberal Constitutionalism in East Central Europe", Erfurt 5.5.2022 (Professor Michael Riegner).

Second plenary workshop, Humboldt University Berlin, 27./28.6.2022. The second plenary workshop of the VACON project brought together 20 German and Brazilian researchers at Humboldt University Berlin on 27-28 June 2022. The group discussed contemporary contestations of liberal constitutionalism with reference to key research and current developments regarding authoritarian constitutionalism, transitional justice and memory, as well as the constitutional role of the military. The main objective of the workshop was to establish possible fields of legal comparison between Germany and Brazil, considering their constitutional history and current constitutional challenges.

Symposium "Bolsonarism at the Ballot Box" on Verfassungsblog in September 2022: Members of the VACON project team discuss the upcoming Brazilian elections from the perspective of comparative constitutional law. The posts can be accessed here.

Sustainability and participation in the law of multilateral development banks, conference presentation, 10th Brazil Germany Symposium for Sustainable Development, Niteroi/Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 19 September 2022 (Professor Michael Riegner).

Publication of WCL Special Issue 03/23 on "The Directive Constitution in the Varieties of Constitutionalism": This special issue includes several contributions that revisit debates on the constituição dirigente in Portugal and Brazil. These topics have been discussed as part of our research collaboration, which ultimately led to the development of this special issue. Draft papers were presented and discussed during a joint panel at the Law and Society Association Annual Meeting in Lisbon in 2022. The Special Issue can be accessed here.

VACON project workshop in São Paulo: As part of the DFG-funded project "Varieties of Constitutionalism", Professor Michael Riegner and colleagues from the project team organised a hybrid workshop at the Universidade de São Paulo on March 27/28, 2023, in which participants from Germany and Brazil discussed comparative law issues related to fake news, dealing with the past, climate change lawsuits, and the transnationalization of illiberal legal ideas.

VACON Final Workshop in Rio de Janeiro: The VACON project team organized the final workshop, Varieties of Constitutionalism at a Crossroads, at FGV Rio de Janeiro in a hybrid format on the 27th and 29th of February 2024. Participants from Brazil and Germany discussed comparative law issues related to courts and election disinformation, the circulation of illiberal constitutional ideas, the open community of constitutional interpreters, authoritarian federalism, varieties of law and memory and judicial populism.

VACON goes ICON-S: Members of the VACON project team organised and participated in two thematic panels at the 2024 ICON-S Annual Conference in Madrid, held on the 8th and 10th of July 2024. The first panel, chaired by Professor Dr. Michael Riegner, explored comparative law issues related to democracy, the separation of powers, collective memory, and constitutional interpretation. The second panel, chaired by Professor Dr Michelle Sanchez-Badin, addressed topics such as security, populism, the economy, and ecology.